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abstract indexed · arXiv 2609.05736 · updated 2026-10-18

Beyond Prompts: Measuring and Optimizing LLM Tool-Agent Harnesses

First page of Beyond Prompts: Measuring and Optimizing LLM Tool-Agent Harnesses
From the original paper · arXiv 2609.05736Page 1. Select the image to read the PDF.

The method replaces ad hoc manual prompt and tool-interface tuning with a budgeted search over prompts and guarded tool-boundary middleware edits around a fixed model, requiring no retraining. Costs are optimizer compute and evaluation runs during search, plus ongoing middleware complexity and per-call logging overhead; the paper itself logs cost diagnostics rather than claiming cost reduction. The main failure mode is selecting brittle harness updates that generalize poorly, which is why the protocol mandates worst-condition lift, repeatability, and the conservative RelLift95 metric alongside mean lift.

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What you would change

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Compare against

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  1. Locate the paper's implementation and check its license, model support, data needs, and hardware requirements. Stop here if you cannot obtain the required artifacts.
  2. Save a small set of representative product tasks and expected outcomes. Keep evaluation tasks out of any training or tuning, and choose quality and cost limits before running.
  3. Run the baseline and the proposed change on identical inputs. Keep other settings fixed and repeat paired runs to expose variation.
  4. Save per-task outputs, failures, timings, and all usage costs. Review regressions before expanding the test.

What to measure

Correct completed actions, invalid calls, retries, latency, and cost per completed task.

When to keep it

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source-linked claims
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exposure checks
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Why it was shortlisted

The technical change, research area, and reason it entered the archive.

recommendation
test
research area
tool use
technical change
Fixed-model harness optimization with failure-surface routing
published
2026-09-04

Harness optimization around a fixed model matches constrained infrastructure directly, but the reported gains are benchmark-specific and the paper's own reliability caveat means the reader must validate lifts on their workload before production adoption.

Central equations

Original equations, typeset for reading. Paperraft explanations connect the mechanism, its aim, and the evidence.

asks how much held-out lift a procedure can reliably obtain under a fixed pre-scorecard search budget. For run , let be the pre-scorecard search cost under a declared accounting convention, covering search-time activity (proposal, candidate evaluation, filtering, repair, and selection) before final scorecard evaluation; the final held-out scorecard evaluation is always excluded, and the components a given convention prices are stated with it (ours are defined in Appendix F). Let be the mean cost over runs. Under budget , the number of affordable independent optimizer runs is . Each run returns a harness and a pre-scorecard selection statistic (gate score, validation score, or the optimizer’s internal pre-scorecard criterion) computed without access to . Under budget we select over the affordable runs, and the held-out lift of the selected harness is . Our budgeted reliable-lift metric is

RelLiftγ​(B)=Q1−γ​(LB),

unnumbered equation · §3 Evaluation Protocol and Metrics · metric

Let h0 be the baseline harness. For run i, let hi be the harness returned before scorecard evaluation. The held-out scorecard lift is

Δi,m=Sb,m​(hi,Dscore,i)−Sb,m​(h0,Dscore,i),

unnumbered equation · §3 Evaluation Protocol and Metrics · baseline

For each benchmark–optimizer pair, we observe n≤16 run tuples {(Ci,Gi,Δi)}i=1n and apply the RelLift95​(B) estimator of Section 3 with 5,000 bootstrap resamples; the resamples reduce Monte Carlo error and do not increase the number of independent optimizer runs beyond the n observed. In our implementation, the pre-scorecard statistic Gi, computed identically for every optimizer’s returned harness, orders candidates by gate-split pass rate, breaking ties by reliability:

Gi=(Sgate​(hi,Dgate),1−Stuck⁡(hi,Dgate)).

unnumbered equation · §4 Experiments · proposed method

equations from arXiv HTML · fetched 2026-09-26

Claims and evidence

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  1. claim 01Paperraft inference
    Read the brief interpretation

    The method replaces ad hoc manual prompt and tool-interface tuning with a budgeted search over prompts and guarded tool-boundary middleware edits around a fixed model, requiring no retraining. Costs are optimizer compute and evaluation runs during search, plus ongoing middleware complexity and per-call logging overhead; the paper itself logs cost diagnostics rather than claiming cost reduction. The main failure mode is selecting brittle harness updates that generalize poorly, which is why the protocol mandates worst-condition lift, repeatability, and the conservative RelLift95 metric alongside mean lift.

    This is a Paperraft inference. It is not pinned to a verified PDF passage.

    Inspect the source
  2. claim 02Paperraft inference

    PRISM reports mean held-out lifts of 14.2, 14.9, and 10.1 percentage points on BFCL multi-round, tau2-Retail, and tau2-Telecom, with positive RelLift95 on all three; the ablation attributes the margin mainly to failure-surface routing and the edit-pattern constraint.

    This is a Paperraft inference. It is not pinned to a verified PDF passage.

    Inspect the source

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quality

Still unknown

Which tasks improve, and which regress against the baseline?

compute and memory

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latency

Still unknown

Are startup time, typical response time, and slow requests measured separately?

operations

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What must be monitored, maintained, and rolled back?

software compatibility

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Does the implementation support your model, runtime, and hardware?

security

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data and training

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reproducibility

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Continue the investigation

A reading guide for tool use.

Editorial prompts, not findings from this paper or a validated test plan. Detailed analysis is still pending for the topics below.

What to inspect

Which assumptions does the proposed method need, and where might your workload violate them?

Plan a fair comparison

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Questions for adoption

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Inside the paper

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Provisional research brief updated 2026-10-18. Paperraft has not reproduced this experiment.

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